Valores de referencia de niacina para la población venezolana / Reference values of niacin for the Venezuelan population

La niacina es una vitamina hidrosoluble, conocida también como ácido nicotínico o vitamina B3. La nicotinamida es un derivado de la niacina (amida del ácido nicotínico), y es utilizada por el cuerpo para producir las coenzimas nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido (NAD) y nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato (NADP). En esta revisión de los requerimientos de niacina para Venezuela, encontramos que los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer las recomendaciones de consumo de este nutriente, por lo tanto, al igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. Las Ingestas Dietéticas Recomendadas (RDAs) para Venezuela son: menores de 1 año (2-4 mg/día), niños entre 1 y 8 años (6-8 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (12 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino (14 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino (16 mg/día), embarazadas (18 mg/día) y lactancia (17 mg/ día). En cuanto al Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR): 5-9 mg/día para niños, 11 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino y 12 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino, aumentado a 14 mg/día para embarazadas y a 13 mg/ día durante la lactancia. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) son: niños entre 1 y 3 años (10 mg/día), niños entre 4 y 8 años (15 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (20 mg/día), adolescentes (30 mg/día) y adultos (35 mg/día). Es necesario realizar estudios donde se evalúe el estado nutricional de esta vitamina en diferentes grupos de la población, que incluya no solo la estimación del consumo, sino la utilización de indicadores bioquímicos, como la medición de los niveles de las coenzimas NAD y NADP en eritrocitos o sangre completa y la determinación de los principales metabolitos urinarios de la vitamina.

Niacin is a water soluble vitamin, also known as nicotinic acid or Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide is a derivative of niacin (amide of nicotinic acid), and is used by the body to produce the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). In preparing this review about the niacin requirements for Venezuela, it was found that there is not enough national data to establish recommendations, therefore, as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), the actual recommendations for intake of niacin, are based on those reported for the United States population. The RDAs for Venezuela are: 2-4 mg/day for infants less than 1 year old, 6-8 mg/ day for children between 1 and 8 years, 12 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 14 mg/day for adolescents and female adults, 16 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, 18 mg/day during pregnancy and 17 mg/day during lactation. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is: 6-9 mg/day for children, 11 mg/ day for adolescents and female adults and 12 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, increasing to 14 mg/day during pregnancy and to 13 mg/day during lactation. The niacin Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) are: 10 mg/day for children between 1 and 3 years, 15 mg/day for children between 4 and 8 years, 20 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 30 mg/day for adolescents and 35 mg/day for adults. It is necessary to perform studies where the nutritional status of this vitamin is evaluated for different population groups, including not only the estimation of consumption, but the use of biochemical indicators, such as measuring the levels of the coenzymes NAD and NADP in erythrocytes or whole blood and determination of the major urinary metabolites of the vitamin.

Efficacy and safety of combination of extended release niacin and atorvastatin in patients with low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the safety and efficacy of combination therapy of extended release (ER) niacin and atorvastatin in patients with low HDL-C and compared the results with atorvastatin monotherapy. METHODS: This open label study recruited consecutive men and women who had coronary artery disease with HDL-C levels <35 mg/dL. These patients were already on atorvastatin therapy targeted to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), for a minimum period of 6 months. Group 1, n = 104 (mean age 52.7 years) received ER niacin in addition to atorvastatin and group 2 (n = 106) continued on atorvastatin (mean age 52.3 years). ER niacin dose was built up to a maximum of 1.5 g and atorvastatin dose titrated according to LDL levels in both the groups. The lipoprotein levels at baseline were similar (p = NS). RESULTS: At 9 +/- 1.8 months of follow-up, the mean dose of ER niacin was 1.3 g and atorvastatin 13.2 mg in group 1. In comparison, group 2 patients had mean atorvastatin dose of 15.9 mg. Patients in group 1 had significant elevation in HDL-C cholesterol (39.5 +/- 5.5 vs 35.7 +/- 4.5 mg/dL), reduction in total cholesterol (156.4 +/- 31 vs 164.5 +/- 39.3 mg/dL) and also LDL-C (88.9 +/- 28.3 vs 99.8 +/- 35.4 mg/dL) compared to group 2 (all p < 0.05). The magnitude of reduction in triglyceride levels was not significant between the groups (140.1 +/- 40.4 vs 145.2 +/- 46.5 mg/dL) (p = NS). No major adverse events or clinical myopathy occurred in either groups. Four patients (4%) discontinued ER niacin (2 due to gastro-intestinal symptoms and 2 due to worsening of diabetes). Flushing occurred in 3% patients, but none felt it to be troublesome. CONCLUSION: Adding ER niacin to atorvastatin exhibited beneficial effects on lipid profile with significant elevation of HDL-C cholesterol and further lowering of LDL-C compared to monotherapy. This treatment offered better targeted therapy and was well tolerated with proper monitoring in Indian patients.

Effectiveness of nicotinic acid and bezafibrate alone and in combination for reducing serum triglyceride level.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of nicotinic acid and Bezafibrate alone and in combination for reducing triglyceride level. DESIGN: It was a randomised, prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: Patients attending a private clinic, and medical department of Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal. METHODS: This study included 83 consecutive patients, 19 females and 64 males with hypertriglyceridaemia (defined as serum triglyceride >200mg/dl) attending the department of medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal and private clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistically significant reduction of serum triglyceride level. RESULT: 51 out of 83 patients completed the study in which Nicotinic acid alone reduced the serum trygleceride level from 320.62 +/- 104.23 to 182.55 +/- 46.21, which is a reduction of 138.07 +/- 85.69 (P. value = 001). Bezafibrate when given alone also reduced triglyceride level significantly from 345.25 +/- 181.03 to 203.30+/-93.59 which is a reduction of 141.95 +/- 121.130 (P value= .001). When a combination of both drugs was given the reduction of 472.73+/-247.53 (P value =.002) was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotinic acid is a very effective drug in reducing serum triglyceride level and its effectiveness is similar to Bezafibrate. There is no added benefit of giving a combination of nicotinic acid and Bezafibrate in reducing serum triglyceride level.

Teste da niacina e acido eicosapentanoico: novas perspectivas com o metabolismo de fosfolipides na esquizofrenia / Niacin test and eicosapentaenoic acid: new perspectives on phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia

Alteracoes do metabolismo de fosfolipides de membranas parecem estar implicadas na fisiopatologia da esquizofrenia, levando a pesquisa de novas propostas terapeuticas e diagnosticas. A administracao de niacina, que provoca em 75 por cento a 80 por cento de individuos sadios uma resposta cutanea de ruborizacao decorrente da liberacao de prostaglandinas pelos macrofagos da pele, esta diminuida ou ausente em pacientes esquizofrenicos. O acido eicosapentanoico tem sido estudado como um tratamento...

Adición de vitaminas y minerales a harinas de maíz y de trigo en México / Vitamin and mineral addition to corn and wheat flours in Mexico

En México la deficiencia marginal de algunas vitaminas y minerales afecta la salud y la funcionalidad de un número elevado de mexicanos, por lo que la Secretaría de Salud ha iniciado un programa para promover la adición de nutrimentosa a las harinas de trigo y de maíz que se procesan industrialmente. El presente documento expone las bases científicas y tecnológicas para dicha adición. El objetivo primordial es restaurar los nutrimentos que se pierden durante el proceso de obtención de las harinas y durante la fabricación de los alimentos a partir de las harinas; además, se adicionan aquellos nutrimentos cuya presencia es deficiente en una proporción importante de la población y cuya suplementación en la dieta ha demostrado ser benéficio de la fórmula para adicionar a las harinas de trigo de maíz se consideraron, además de los factores mencionados, los niveles de absorción de los diferentes nutrimentos, la interacción probable entre nutrimentos y un malgar muy amplio de seguridad, de manera que se eliminara cualquier riesgo de algún efecto adverso en la salud, aun en los niveles más altos de ingestión de los alimentos. Finalmente, se sugieren los compuestos más apropiados para la adición a las harinas considerando su reactividad y sus posibles efectos negativos en la estabilidad de las harinas, así como su biodisponibilidad, su disponibilidad en el mercado y su costo. Con lo anterior se recomienda la adición de 5 mg/kg de tiamina (mononitrato de tiamina), 3 mg/kg de riboflavina (hidroclorhidrato de riboflavina). 3 mg/kg de niacina (nicotinamida), 30 mg/kg de hierro (hierro reducido extrafino) y 20 mg/kg de zinc (óxido de zinc) para ambas harinas, así como 2 mg/kg y 0.5 mg/kg de ácido fólico para las harinas de trigo y maíz, respectivamente

Hepatic pyridine nucleotides content in rat--a better indicator for determining available niacin values of food.

After 10 days depletion period with niacin free diet, weanling rats were repleted with either reference diets containing niacin at four levels (2, 4, 8 and 12 mg/kg diet) or test diets containing test material at two levels as source of niacin. Gains in body weight and hepatic pyridine nucleotides content increased with increase in niacin intake. The correlation coefficient for hepatic pyridine nucleotides content and niacin intake was 0.98, whereas for weight gain and niacin intake was 0.89. Dried skim milk and pearl millet were taken as test materials. Dried skim milk with most of its niacin in free form showed 98% niacin equivalent to be bioavailable whereas in pearl millet niacin was in bound form and bioavailability equivalent was only 48 per cent.

Efeitos das associaçöes de morina-ácido nicotínico e quercetina-ácido nicotínico no controle de lipídeos / Effects of the associations of morin-nicotinic acid and quercetin-nicotinic acid in the lipidic control

A aterosclerose pode ser considerada uma doença na circulaçäo coronariana. O presente trabalho estuda a açÄo da quercetina, morina, ácido nicotínico de maneira isolada e em associaçÄo envolvendo quercetina + ácido nicotínico e morina + ácido nicotínico no metabolismo lipídico. Foram dosados colesterol, colesterol-HDL e triacilglicerol após administraçäo de duas doses dos compostos morina, quercetina, morina + ácido nicotínico e quercetina + ácido nicotínico sendo a primeira imediatamente após a administraçäo do triton e a segunda dose, vinte horas depois. Decorridos quarenta e três horas após a administraçäo do triton o sangue foi analisado. Os resultados mostraram que morina + ácido nicotínico e quercetina + ácido nicotínico apresentaram os melhores resultados para colesterol (-83,77 porcento e 74,42 porcento). Para colesterol-HDL os melhores resultados foram com morina e com associaçäo quercetina + ácido nicotínico (+17,99 porcento e +21,96 porcento). Morina + ácido nicotínico mostraram os melhores níveis para triacilgliceróis (-83,77 porcento)

Effect of bezafibrate & nicotinic acid on triton induced hyperlipidemias in CFY rats.

The two mechanisms of action of bezafibrate and nicotinic acid and their combination were evaluated in normal rats and triton treated rats. Bezafibrate was effective hypolipidemic agent in normal rats, but addition of nicotinic acid has certainly improved the effectiveness further which could be of clinical significance. In triton treated rats bezafibrate and nicotinic acid used individually and together had prophylactic hypolipidemic action. However, in their therapeutic effectiveness, bezafibrate reduced triglycerides (65.4%) and nicotinic acid, cholesterol (39.3%). But when treated together they showed marked acceleration in the removal of cholesterol as well as triglycerides. It is therefore concluded that a combination of bezafibrate and nicotinic acid may be beneficial in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias, both prophylactically and therapeutically.